Bezbedna upotreba biljaka u trudnoći (Safe use of plants during pregnancy)

Jedna od studija u SAD piše sledeće.

Protekli vek doneo je ogromna poboljšanja u ishodima visokorizičnih trudnoća i porođaja, ali s tim poboljšanjima došla je i sveprisutna upotreba tehnologije u gotovo svim aspektima normalne trudnoće i porođaja. Od najmanje 2000. godine, carski rez je najčešći bolnički hirurški zahvat u SAD, čineći više od 34% svih porođaja.

Pored toga, upotreba farmaceutskih lekova u trudnoći je prekomerna – i nije bez rizika. Žene koje su bile trudne šezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina, a uzimale su DES, kao i njihova deca (sada odrasli muškarci i žene), još uvek se suočavaju s posledicama, uključujući povećan rizik od karcinoma reproduktivnih organa i deformiteta. Nove studije i dalje otkrivaju skrivene štetne efekte savremenih lekova – čak i onih za koje se do nedavno verovalo da su bezbedni, poput paracetamola (Tylenol). Još jedna nedavna studija pokazala je da najčešće korišćen lek za gljivične infekcije tokom trudnoće povećava rizik od pobačaja.

Zabrinjavajuće su statistike o izdavanju lekova na recept, uključujući i narkotike, trudnicama u SAD. Jedna studija proučila je obrasce izdavanja lekova (osim vitamina) za više od milion žena koje su bile uključene u Medicaid tri meseca pre i tokom trudnoće, u periodu od 2002. do 2007. godine. Gotovo 83% ovih žena dobilo je bar jedan lek, a polovina njih antibiotike.

Druga studija pokazala je da je upotreba narkotika među trudnicama koje su bile uključene u Medicaid porasla sa 18,5% na 22,8%, a u pet saveznih država čak premašila 30%. U opštoj populaciji žena reproduktivnog doba, između 2008. i 2012. godine, skoro 40% žena osiguranih preko Medicaida i 28% komercijalno osiguranih žena koristile su narkotike na recept.

Na toj pozadini, upotreba biljaka u trudnoći deluje prilično bezazleno. Ipak, važno je poznavati bezbednosne aspekte upotrebe biljaka u trudnoći – jer nije sve što je „prirodno“ i bezbedno za trudnice.

Želja da se izbegnu nepotrebne – i potencijalno opasne – medicinske intervencije i prirodna sklonost ka alternativnim pristupima, dovela je mnoge trudnice do biljne medicine. To je i razlog zašto sam počela da proučavam biljke pre više od 30 godina, i zašto ih i dalje koristim kao prvo sredstvo u svojoj lekarskoj praksi, kad god je moguće, kaže doktorka Inuja Dokrast.

Upotreba biljaka za ublažavanje uobičajenih simptoma u trudnoći je vrlo česta. Istraživanja i ankete procenjuju da čak do 45% žena koristi neku biljnu terapiju u toku trudnoće. Nažalost, internet je pun „stručnjaka“ koji nude savete koji često nisu tačni, pa je ključno dobijati informacije iz proverenih i pouzdanih izvora.

Nešto više možete istražiti iz sledećih izvora

References

Ailes EC, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Opioid prescription claims among women of reproductive age—US 2008–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:37–41.

Allaire A, et al. “Complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: asurvey of North Carolina certified nurse-midwives,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 95 (2000): 19-23.

Beal M. “Women’s use of complementary and alternative therapies in reproductive health care,” Journal of Nurse Midwifery 43, 3 (1998): 224-234.

Blumenthal M, et al., The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicine (Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998).

Chez R and Jonas W. “Complementary and alternative medicine. Part I: Clinical studies in obstetrics,” Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 52, 11 (1997 November): 704-708.

Desai RJ, et al. Increase in prescription opioid use during pregnancy among Medicaid-enrolled women. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123:997–1002.

Ernst E. “Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe?,” BJOG 109 (2002 March): 227-235.

Ernst E and Schmidt K. “Health risks over the internet: Advise offered by “medical herbalists” to a pregnant woman,” Wien Med Wschr 152 (2002):190-192.

Fischer-Rasmussen W, et al. “Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum,” Eur J Obstet Gyn Reprod Biol 38, 1 (1990): 19-24.

Gallo M, et al., “Pregnancy outcome following exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study,” Archives of Internal
Medicine 160 (2000); 3141-3143.

Gibson P. “Herbal and alternative medicine use during pregnancy: A cross-sectional survey,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 97, 4 Suppl. (2001 April): 44.

Hardy M. “Herbs of special interest to women,” Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 40, 2 (2000 March/April): 234-239.

Hepner D, et al. “Herbal medicine use in parturients,” Anesth Analg 94 (2002): 690-693.

Jones T and Lawson B. “Profound neonatal congestive heart failure caused by maternal consumption of blue cohosh herbal medication,” Journal of Pediatrics 132 (2003 March):1323.

Low Dog T. Women’s Health in Complementary and Integrative Medicine: A Clinical Guide (St Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2004).

Mølgaard-Nielsen, D. et al. Association Between Use of Oral Fluconazole During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion and Stillbirth. JAMA. 2016;315(1):58-67

Palmsten K, et al. The most commonly dispensed prescription medications among pregnant women enrolled in the United States Medicaid program. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:465–73.

Parsons M, et al. “Raspberry leaf and its effect on labor: safety and efficacy,” Aust Coll Midwives J 12 (1999): 20-25.

Pinn G and Pallett L. “Herbal medicine in pregnancy,” Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery 8 (2002): 77-80.

Ranzini A. “Use of complementary medicines and therapies among obstetric patients,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 97, 4 Suppl. (2001 April): 46.

Strandberg T, et al. “Preterm birth and licorice consumption during pregnancy,” American Journal of Epidemiology
156, 9 (2002): 803-805.

Simpson M, et al. “Raspberry leaf in pregnancy: its safety and efficacy in labor,” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 46 (2001): 51-59.

Upton R. Uva ursi leaf: Arctostaphylos uva ursi (Scotts Valley, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 2007).

Vutyavanich T, et al. “Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial,” Obstet Gynecol 97, 4 (2001): 577-582.

Weed S. Wise Woman Herbal for the Childbearing Years (Woodstock, NY: Ash Tree Publishing, 1986).

Wichtl M. 4th ed., Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis (Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm, 2004).

Wright I. “Neonatal effects of maternal blue cohosh consumption,” Journal of Pediatrics 134, 3 (1999 March): 384.

Biljke čija se upotreba treba izbegavati u trudnoći i za vreme dojenja, ukoliko se moraju upotrebljavati potreban je nadzor lekara.

Plant emmenagogue
Lawsonia inermis Mignonette; Henna; Mignonette Tree
Salvia officinalis Sage
Althaea officinalis White Mallow; Marshmallow
Petroselinum crispum Parsley
Chenopodium album Lambsquarter
Apium graveolens Celery
Stachys officinalis Purple Betony; Wood Betony; Bishop’s-Wort; Betony
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy
Salvia triloba Greek Sage
Cola acuminata Abata Cola
Triticum aestivum Wheat
Artemisia herba-alba Desert Wormwood
Levisticum officinale Lovage
Citrus aurantium Petitgrain; Bitter Orange
Lycium chinense Gou Qi (Chin.); Wolfberry; Chinese Wolfberry;
Citrus sinensis Orange
Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary
Artemisia dracunculus Tarragon
Piper cubeba Cubeb; Cubeb Pepper
Cistus ladaniferus Rockrose; Gum Cistus; Labdanum; Ambreine
Mentha x rotundifolia Applemint
Zea mays Corn
Hordeum vulgare Barleygrass; Barley
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Slenderleaf Mountain Mint
Pisum sativum Pea
Avena sativa Oats
Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato
Daucus carota Carrot
Lavandula latifolia Broad-Leaved Lavender; Aspic; Spike Lavender
Hyssopus officinalis Hyssop
Mentha pulegium European Pennyroyal
Thymus orospedanus Orosped Thyme

Uslovno nebezbedne biljke (ako se koriste u većim dozama i koncentracijama)

*Achillea millefolium Yarrow; Milfoil
Achyranthes aspera Chaff Flower
Achyranthes bidentata Chaff Flower
Acinos alpinus Te de Sierra Nevada
Adonis vernalis Spring Adonis
Agastache rugosa
Akebia quinata Chocolate Vine
Albizia lebbeck Siris Tree; Koko; Frywood; Lebbek; Lebbek Tree; East Indian Walnut
Allium cepa Onion; Shallot
*Allium sativum Garlic
Andira inermis Cabbage Bark
*Anethum graveolens Dill; Garden Dill
*Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica; Angelica; Wild Parsnip
Angelica sinensis Dang Quai; Dong Gui; Chinese Angelica; Dang Qui; Dong Quai
Apium graveolens Celery
Apocynum cannabinum Bitterroot; Spreading Dogbane
Aralia cordata Udo
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Uva Ursi; Bearberry
Arnica montana Mountain Tobacco; Leopard’s-Bane
Artemisia annua Qinghao; Sweet Wormwood; Sweet Annie;
Artemisia annua Sweet Annie; Annual Mugwort; Qinghao; Sweet Wormwood;
Artemisia cina Levant Wormseed
Artemisia salsoloides
Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort
Astragalus membranaceus Huang Qi; Huang-Chi
Banisteriopsis caapi Yage; Caapi; Soul Vine; Ayahuasca; Spirit Vine
Berberis vulgaris Barberry
Beta vulgaris Beetroot; Sugar Beet; Garden Beet; Beet
Bocconia arborea Tree Poppy
Bocconia frutescens Tree Poppy
*Calendula officinalis Calendula; Pot-Marigold
Capparis tomentosa African Caper
*Capsicum annuum Cherry Pepper; Cone Pepper; Green Pepper; Paprika
Capsicum frutescens Hot Pepper; Cayenne; Tabasco; Red Chili; Chili;
Carum carvi Caraway; Kummel (Ger.); Comino (Sp.); Carum
Catharanthus roseus Madagascar Periwinkle; Rosy Periwinkle
Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh
Centaurium erythraea Centaury
Chelidonium majus Celandine
Chenopodium album Lambsquarter
Chenopodium quinoa
Chimaphila umbellata Pipsissewa; King’s Cure
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Pyrethrum
Chrysanthemum x morifolium Mum; Chrysanthemum; Ju Hua (Pinyin)
*Cichorium intybus Succory; Witloof; Chicory
Citrullus colocynthis Colocynth
Citrus limon Lemon
Cleonia lusitanica Spanish Heal-All
Cnicus benedictus Blessed Thistle
Cnidium officinale Jih-Chiung
Coriandrum sativum Chinese Parsley; Cilantro; Coriander
Cornus florida American Dogwood
Cornus officinalis Chinese Dogwood
Corydalis spp Fumewort
*Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn; English Hawthorn
Crocus sativus Saffron
Crotalaria juncea Sunhemp
Crotalaria retusa Rattlepod
Croton eluteria Cascarilla
Croton lechleri Sangre de Dragon; Dragons Blood; Sangre de Drago
Cyperus rotundus Nutsedge
Daemonorops draco Dragon’s Blood
Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea; Narrow Leaf Echinacea
*Echinacea purpurea Purple-Coneflower; Eastern Purple-Coneflower; Echinacea
Echinacea spp Coneflower; Echinacea
Elaeagnus angustifolia Silver Berry; Russian Olive
Elaeagnus pungens Thorny Silver Berry
Eleutherococcus senticosus Spiny Ginseng; Wu jia; Eleuthero Ginseng; Siberian Ginseng
Ephedra sinica Chinese Ephedra; Ma Huang
Eriobotrya japonica Loquat
Erythrophleum suaveolens Ordeal Tree; Sassy Bark
Eschscholzia californica California Poppy
Eucalyptus globulus Eucalypt; Tasmanian Bluegum; Blue Gum
Euodia rutaecarpa Wou Chou Yu
Ferula sumbul Sumbul
Ficus carica Echte Feige (Ger.); Fig; Figueira (Port.); Feigenbaum (Ger.);
*Foeniculum vulgare Fennel
Forsythia suspensa Lien-Chiao; Lian-Jiao
Ganoderma lucidum Reishi; Ling Zhi
Glaucium flavum Horned Poppy
Glycine max Soybean
*Glycyrrhiza glabra Licorice; Smooth Licorice; Licorice-Root; Commom Licorice
Gossypium sp Cotton
Gymnema sylvestre Gymnema; Miracle Fruit
Harpagophytum procumbens Grapple Plant; Devil’s Claw
Hedera helix Ivy
Helianthus annuus Sunflower; Girasol
Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke
Humulus lupulus Hops
*Hyssopus officinalis Hyssop
Juniperus sabina Sabine
Justicia adhatoda Malabar Nut
Justicia pectoralis Bolek Hena; Angel Of Death; Curia
Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort
Levisticum officinale Lovage
Ligustrum japonicum Japanese Privet; Ligustri Fructus
Ligustrum lucidum Privet; Glossy Privet; Ligustri Fructus; Chinese Privet;
Liquidambar orientalis Oriental Storax; Oriental Styrax
Liquidambar styraciflua American Styrax; Sweetgum
Luffa aegyptiaca Smooth Loofah; Vegetable Sponge; Luffa
Lycium barbarum Ning Xia Gou Qi (Chin.); Matrimony Vine
Lycium chilense Chilean Wolfberry
Macleaya cordata Plume Poppy
Mahonia aquifolium Blue Barberry; Holly Barberry; Mountain Grape; Holly Mahonia
Mahonia spp.
*Marrubium vulgare Horehound; White Horehound
*Matricaria recutita Wild Camomile; Annual Camomile; German Camomile
Medicago sativa Alfalfa; Lucerne
Melaleuca alternifolia Teatree
Melaleuca leucadendra Cajeput
*Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweetclover
*Melissa officinalis Lemonbalm; Melissa; Bee Balm; Balm
Menispermum canadense Moonseed
Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Japanese Mint; Field Mint; Cornmint
Mentha spicata Spearmint; Hortela da Folha Miuda
*Mentha x piperita Peppermint
Mentha x rotundifolia Applemint
Micromeria croatica
Micromeria fruticosa Tea Hyssop; Zopha; Zuta
Micromeria juliana
Micromeria thymifolia
Mitragyna speciosa Kratum
Moringa oleifera Drumstick Tree; Horseradish Tree; Ben Nut; Benzolive Tree; Moringa;
Myroxylon balsamum Peru Balsam; Tolu Balsam
Nandina domestica Sacred Bamboo; Southern Heaven Bamboo; Heavenly Bamboo
Nerium oleander Oleander
Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco
*Ocimum basilicum Sweet Basil; Cuban Basil; Basil
Ocimum suave Kenyan Tree Basil
Ocimum tenuiflorum Anise-Scented Basil
Oenanthe aquatica Water Hemlock; Water Fennel
Oenanthe crocata Water Dropwort
Oenanthe javanica Javan Water Dropwort
Olea europaea Olive
Origanum onites Oregano; Pot Marjoram
*Origanum vulgare Wild Oregano; Oregano; Wild Marjoram; Common Oregano
Paeonia officinalis Double Peony
Panax ginseng Ginseng; Korean Ginseng; Chinese Ginseng
Panax japonicus Japanese Ginseng
Panax quinquefolius Ginseng; American Ginseng
Papaver bracteatum Great Scarlet Poppy
Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy; Poppyseed Poppy
Peganum harmala Harmel; Syrian Rue
Peperomia pelucida Pepper elder; Yerba de la plata
Perilla frutescens Perilla
Peumus boldus Boldo
Phoradendron juniperinum
Phytolacca americana Pokeweed
Pimenta racemosa Bayrum Tree; West Indian Bay
*Pimpinella anisum Sweet Cumin; Anise
*Piper nigrum Pepper; White Pepper; Black Pepper
Pistacia lentiscus Lentisco (Sp.); Mastic; Chios Mastictree; Mastictree
*Plantago major Common Plantain
Plectranthus amboinicus Mexican Mint; Indian Borage; Spanish Thyme;
Podophyllum hexandrum Himalayan Mayapple
Podophyllum peltatum Mayapple
Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite; Honey Mesquite
Prunella vulgaris Self-Heal; Heal-All
Prunus africana Red Stinkwood; Bitter Almond
Prunus cerasus Sour Cherry
Psidium guajava Guava
Punica granatum Granatapfelstrauch (Ger.); Pomegranate;
Quisqualis indica Rangoon Creeper
Rauvolfia tetraphylla Four-Leaf Devilpepper; Pinque-Pinque
Rauvolfia vomitoria African Snakeroot
Rosa woodsii Woods’ Rose
Salvia gilliesii ‘Cordoba’ Sage
Salvia sclarea Clary Sage
Sambucus canadensis American Elder; Sweet Elder; Elderberry; American Elderberry
*Sambucus nigra European Elderberry; Elder; Black Elder; European Elder
Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Satureja hortensis Summer Savory
*Satureja montana Winter Savory; Savory
Sideritis scardica Balkan Sideritis
*Silybum marianum Milk Thistle; Lady’s Thistle
Sinomenium acutum Ching-Feng-Teng
Stachys betonicifolia Woundwort
Stephania glabra Indian Tape-Vine
Syzygium claviflorum
Terminalia arjuna Arjun; Arjuna
Terminalia catappa Tropical Almond; Indian Almond; Malabar Almond
Terminalia pallida
Ternstroemia gymnanthera
Teucrium gnaphalodes Iberian Germander
Teucrium polium Iberian Golden Germander; Golden Germander
Thymus capitatus ‘Sicilian’ Thyme; Spanish Thyme; Spanish Origanum
Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock
Ulex europaeus Gorse
Uncaria guianensis Garabato Colorado; Ungunagi; Una de Gato; Cat’s Claw
Uncaria tomentosa Cat’s Claw; Una de Gato; Garabato Amarillo
*Urtica dioica European Nettle; Stinging Nettle
Vaccinium corymbosum Blueberry
Vaccinium macrocarpon Large Cranberry; American Cranberry; Cranberry
Vaccinium myrtillus Whortleberry; Bilberry; Dwarf Bilberry
*Verbascum thapsus Flannelplant; Great Mullein; Velvetplant; Mullein; Flannelleaf
Verbena hastata Wild Hyssop; Blue Vervain; American Blue Vervain
Viburnum prunifolium Black Haw
Vinca minor Running-Myrtle; Periwinkle
Viscum album European Mistletoe
Vitis vinifera European Grape; Wine Grape; Grapevine;
Vitis vinifera Wine Grape; Vid (Sp.); Grapevine; Grape;
Xanthorhiza simplicissima Yellowroot
Zanthoxylum alatum Indian Prickly Ash; Wartara Oil Tree
Zanthoxylum americanum Northern Prickly Ash
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Pepperbark; Southern Prickly Ash; Hercules’-Club;
Zea mays Corn
*Zingiber officinale Ginger
Zizyphus jujuba Jujube; Da-Zao; Ta-Tsao

Izvor: Doktor J. A. Duke